1a transferência de diplomatas em LM na 2a GG - navios do lado japonês (2/4)

Na sequência do primeiro artigo desta série continuaremos a ver os navios que estiveram no porto de Lourenço Marques (LM) em Julho de 1942 para a primeira transferência de diplomatas na 2a guerra mundial. 
Um dos dois que trouxe do Japão e doutros portos do oriente para LM repatriados americanos e regressou depois com antigos internados japoneses foi o japonês Asama Maru que transportou para LM cerca de 800 passageiros.
Gravura do Asama Maru da NYK de combinedfleet.com

O outro navio que repatriou aliados ocidentais do oriente e levou japoneses de volta ao seu país foi o Conte Verde italiano. Transportou cerca de 600 passageiros para LM e ao ser alugado pelo Japão tomou o nome de Teikyo Maru e teve vida atribulada depois. A Itália em 1943 deixou de ser aliada do Japão e a tripulação afundou-o na China e depois de mais de uma reconstrução, em 1945 passou a ser o Kotubuku Maru.

Conte Verde -> Teikyo Maru -> Kotubuku Maru.

Os navios japoneses utilizados nesta troca e na seguinte tinham sido requisicionados para transporte de tropas. O Asama e o Tatuta (Tatsuta) Maru da companhia Nippon Yusen Kaisha (NYK) e que eram da mesma classe, foram construídos em 1929/1930 e tinham sido os melhores paquetes japoneses na linha para os Estados Unidos (ver um diário no Asama Maru em 1929 no seu primeiro ano de vida). Há aqui uma história muito completa (ver ao fundo deste texto - NYK liners) que descreve os seus acabamentos luxuosos, de que podemos fazer ideia a partir destas fotos neste caso do Tatuta (Tatsuta) Maru:
1a e 2a classes - paquetes da NYK

Isto vem a propósito de um dos sites vistos no artigo anterior citar passageiros (há várias biografias em que estas trocas são mencionadas) dizendo que o serviço a bordo do Gripsholm era equivalente ao do tempo de paz enquanto que outros disseram que nos navios usados pelos japoneses na aparência o serviço era o mesmo mas na realidade os ocidentais aí transportados passavam fome e dá o caso duma pessoa que sofreu grande emagrecimento. Mas o jornal Notícias de LM entrevistou um ocidental que tinha chegado a LM vindo do Japão que disse que só faltavam legumes frescos e água corrente no navio (certamente racionados porque não podia fazer as escalas normais para reabastecimento) e que por isso só precisava de passar uma noite num hotel para tomar banho à vontade. Lendo mais sobre o assunto parece que o problema da fome foi na detenção anterior à entrada para o navio, no navio o problema principal foi a sobrelotação. 
O Notícias de LM diz que tanto japoneses como ocidentais foram a terra e passearam pela cidade de LM onde visitaram os pontos principais, foram a restaurantes e às compras. Estas foram tantas que para a transferência seguinte foram restringidas a mando do governo pois alguns produtos estavam racionados.
Alguns americanos foram a Marracuene e o seu antigo embaixador no Japão visitou o Museu Álvaro de Castro. Houve muitos jantares e banquetes oficiais entre os países que eram amigos. Por exemplo do lado do Eixo os cônsules da Alemanha e Itália ofereceram duas aos Japoneses, a última das quais no Hotel Cardoso, explorado por italianos. Portugal como país neutral absteve-se dessas confraternizações mas no final houve também recepções entre delegações dos países organizadores da transferência, a Espanha, Suíça, Portugal e a Cruz Vermelha Internacional e local.
Curiosamente o jornal Notícias diz que ao largar do cais de volta ao seu pais os Japoneses a bordo do Asama Maru (que tinham sido repatriados das Américas no Gripsholm) cantaram hinos e gritaram banzais. Estes foram respondidos por diplomatas japoneses colocados em Lisboa e suas famílias que tinham vindo do Japão (à boleia) nos navios da troca e que ainda esperavam em LM por um navio português para os levar para a Europa. Deve ser esse acontecimento o que se vê num filme getty images por volta do segundo 58. 
Japoneses no cais de LM despedindo-se dos compatriotas que partiam para o Japão

Quanto à operação de troca dos cerca de 2 900-3 000 passageiros entre os navios no cais e que durou quatro horas, dois sites dizem mais ou menos que enquanto os aliados saiam por ex. pela passarela da proa dos navios vindos do Japão (setas vermelhas e verdes no esquema em baixo) os japoneses (setas azuis) entravam nesses navios pelas da popa, e vice-versa para o Gripsholm vindo das Américas donde saíam japoneses e entravam os aliados. 
O jornal Notícias dá mais alguns detalhes sobre a posição dos navios (ficaram os três em fila com o Gripsholm ao centro e o Asama Maru para poente = oeste = montante do estuário) dele e o processo de troca. Foram colocados dois combóios de vagões em paralelo ao longo do cais para separar as filas de repatriados, dum lado os Japoneses e do outro os aliados ocidentais (ver em baixo que talvez tivesse sido um comandante de navio civil americano, o Captain Kuhne, a ter essa ideia). 
Como podemos ver no filme da getty images o Gripsholm atracou com a proa virada para leste = nascente. Assim a troca pode ter sido feita como mostro a seguir, se tiver havido o cuidado de no cruzamento não se deixar passar os fluxos de pessoas inimigas simultâneamente:

Esquema da troca em LM (seguindo o que é perceptível dos textos e imagens)
Cinzento: vagões de caminhos de ferro servindo de biombo
Castanhos: postos de informação para os repatriados à saída dos navios
Vermelho e verde: aliados ocidentais que se concentraram no Gripsholm 
para o regresso aos seus países
Azul: japoneses que se distribuíram pelos Asama Maru e Conte Verte
 para regresso ao Japão
Hexágono carmesim: potencial cruzamento entre os fluxos de inimigos

Talvez tenha sido esta a solução para a troca em LM mas certeza é só que tudo correu bem. Com esta haveria um só ponto de cruzamento de inimigos mas os corredores (entre os vagões) para os inimigos não eram totalmente separados (por exemplo em parte do corredor mais afastado do cais iriam lado a lado japoneses e americanos), pelo que não seria perfeita. 
Há mais possibilidades de fluxos com os navios nas posições de cima alterando as portas de entrada e saída que não exploro aqui, mas tentei ver se haveria outra posição e sentido para o Gripsholm e os dois navios do Eixo que fosse mais vantajosa. 

Outra solução para troca em LM
Legenda como a de cima mas agora com dois cruzamentos
 carmesim: cruzamento entre inimigos reduzido a um, 
caminho comum em parte para os dois grupos (vermelho e azul em cima)

Com a solução de cima haveria dois potenciais cruzamentos onde não se podia deixar passar os fluxos de inimigos simultâneamente, por isso seria mais difícil e lento de gerir do que na anterior mas conseguia-se que os corredores (entre os vagões) para uns e outros inimigos fossem totalmente separados. 
Como se vê em baixo mais em detalhe e se escreveu no jornal Notícias, as datas mais importantes desta troca foram aproximadamente que o Gripsholm chegou a Lourenço Marques a 20/7 vindo do continente americano e o Asama Maru e o Conte Verde que viajaram juntos do oriente e efectuaram paragens em alguns portos a 22/7. Depois da troca o Asama e o Conte Verde partiram de LM a 26/7 para o oriente e o Gripsholm a 28/7 para o Brasil e Estados Unidos, tudo isto em LM para o final de Julho de 1942 quer dizer há pouco mais de 77 anos. 
Sobre mais trocas de internados em LM em 1942 ver aqui.
Mais sobre o navio Asama Maru e os outros desta primeira troca no combinedfleet.com (corrigindo o nome de LM normalmente mal escrito em muitos sites)
"22 July 1942: At about 1300, ASAMA MARU and CONTE VERDE arrive at Delagoa Bay, Lorenco Marques, Portuguese East Africa. ASAMA MARU is carrying 789 civilians from Japan, South-East Asia and the Philippines. CONTE VERDE is carrying about 600 passengers from Shanghai.
23 July 1942: The first exchange is made. Japanese and Siamese passengers are disembarked from GRIPSHOLM and embarked on ASAMA MARU bow to bow, while the western nationals walk on another gangway, stern to stern.  The procedure takes four hours. The majority of personnel are not military, but civilians who had been interned. 
6,993 American and Canadian Red Cross parcels of relief supplies for Allied prisoners of war and internees from GRIPSHOLM and along with supplies from the South African Red Cross, are loaded aboard ASAMA MARU and CONTE VERDE. The supplies reach Yokohama in late August.
26 July 1942: ASAMA MARU departs Lourenço Marques for Yokohama via the Indian Ocean.
28 July 1942: At 1330, GRIPSHOLM departs Lourenço Marques with 1,510 passengers on board of whom just under 600 are missionaries and their families and 300 are children. GRIPSHOLM stops at Rio de Janeiro to drop off South American diplomats and their families. On 25 August, she docks on the New Jersey side of the Hudson River."

Mais sobre a troca e o Asamara Maru no derbysulzers
"The Asama Maru sailed from Nagasaki on June 7th for Kobe, arriving the next day to embark some Latin American diplomats and the families. Departing Kobe on June 12th the ship reached Yokohama the next day. On June 17th 1942 a group of US & British diplomats including the American Ambassador to Japan, Joseph Grew were transferred from Tokyo to Yokohama, here a total of 416 Americans (142 diplomats and 274 civilians) then boarded the Asama Maru which remained at anchor until all the details of the diplomatic exchange were completed. In the meantime the Gripsholm departed New York on June 18th headed eastbound for Lourenço Marques. The Asama Maru departed on June 25th shortly after midnight, arriving at Hong Kong on June 29th where further diplomats and families embarked and similarly at Saigon on July 3rd 1942.
The Italian liner Conte Verde was scheduled to leave Shanghai on June 29th, both ships were at Singapore on July 6th to sail jointly to the Portuguese East African port of Lourenço Marques in order to exchange their passengers with the Gripsholm. The Conte Verde carried 636 American and other 'enemy' nationals, all were former residents of Shanghai, Nanking, Hankow and Hainan Island. After taking on supplies the two ships sailed from Singapore on July 9th 1942. The Gripsholm had sailed from New York with homeward bound diplomats, employees of Japanese companies and students. It had called in at Rio de Janeiro en-route. Two other NYK ships (Tatsuta Maru & Kamakura Maru) were also present.
The passenger ships reached Lourenço Marques on July 22nd 1942, where greetings were exchanged between passengers and sailors. Newspaper reports stated that the Ambassador (Admiral Nomura) and Mr Kurusu. who had been negotiating with Mr Cordell Hull when the Japanese attacked Pearl Harbour, were met by the German Consul and Vice-Consul. Many Japanese admitted they were sorry to leave their American friends and realised that life in Japan was not likely to be as comfortable. Passengers on the Asama Maru shouted as the ship tied up, 'What is the news? We have had none for some time.' Ambassador Grew, also the United States Minister for Siam and the Canadian Charge d'Affaires at Tokyo, were aboard. The Conte Verde's passengers included 32 missionaries. There were two births aboard the Gripsholm, including a Siamese princess, and two deaths aboard the Conte Verde. The ships tie up side by side with passengers transferring via gangways bow to bow or stern to stern.
By July 26th the Asama Maru had completed its exchanges and departed for Japan. On their return the ships carried large white crosses on the decks, they remained well lit at night and passengers constantly carried life vests. They called in at Singapore on August 10th 1942 before arriving back at Yokohama on August 20th. The Asama Maru was also carrying almost 7,000 Red Cross parcels for Allied prisoners-of-war held in Japan. After the completion of the diplomatic exchange voyage the Asama Maru remained at Yokohama until September 5th 1942 when she sailed for Yokosuka. Here the Asama Maru was re-requisitioned by the Imperial Japanese Navy and registered as a charter ship in the Yokosuka Naval District."

Do site usmm pormenores práticos interessantes sobre a troca que não são revelados noutros sites, mas desconfio que aumentando o papel desempenhado pelos citados americanos em LM - Captain Kuhne and Repatriation of Americans from Japan, 1942: "SS Express, a C3-E operated by American Export Lines was sunk in the Indian Ocean on June 30, 1942 while en route from Bombay, India to Cape Town, South Africa by I-10, a Japanese submarine. Aboard were 38 mariners and 17 Armed Guard. The Express carried 4,500 tons of cargo, including manganese ore, mica, jute, hemp, leather, and burlap. Two torpedoes struck the ship just seconds apart. The ship sank within 8 minutes, and since the ship was still underway as two lifeboats were launched, one of the lifeboats with 11 crew and 2 Armed Guard aboard was swamped, and all were killed.
Captain William Kuhne was the last to abandon ship. He jumped overboard and clung to an overturned boat until he was rescued by one of the other lifeboats. One crewman abandoned ship on a raft, found a water-filled, empty lifeboat and was rescued in 10 days. A lifeboat with 41 survivors including the Captain, landed on the coast of Mozambique 6 days after the sinking, and eventually the men were taken the 200 miles to Lourenço Marques, Portuguese East Africa (Mozambique).
As the small Portuguese freighter carrying the survivors docked in Lourenço Marques, Captain Kuhne was greeted by old acquaintances, John MacGowan and Bob Nicol from the American Export Lines office in New York. The two company representatives helped Captain Kuhne contact the American consul, Austin Toe Preston, who found accommodations for the survivors.
MacGowan and Nicol asked Kuhne to help them make arrangements for the exchange of American civilians caught in Japan for Japanese nationals, including diplomats, who were in the United States on Pearl Harbor day. The exchange was to take place in Lourenço Marques, a neutral port, nearly midway between America and Japan. The MS Gripsholm, sailing under the auspices of the International Red Cross, with a Swedish captain and crew, had been chartered by the U.S. State Department. The ship left New York with 1,500 Japanese aboard. At the same time, the SS Conte Verde, an Italian ship chartered by Japan, was carrying 600 Americans, and the Asama Maru, carrying 900 Americans, left Yokahama.
The task ahead of the three men was a tricky one: how to transfer passengers and baggage quickly and simultaneously between the ships without any opportunity for interaction that might cause an incident. Their plan: the Gripsholm would dock in the middle of the mile-long quay, with the other two ships forward and aft of her. The Gripsholm arrived on the 20th of July, 1942; the two ships from Japan arrived on the 22nd.
The men had to prepare 1,500 tickets for the American passengers and assign them to cabins. The difficulty there was the list provided to the State Department by the Japanese used only a first initial. So until the ships docked, and the men got a proper list, there was no way to know if J. Jones was John or Jennifer, a six year-old or an adult. There were 4 Andersons on the list. Were they all from one family and could be assigned to a single cabin? It turned out none of them were related. There were 17 Chows. Was it a Mom and Dad with 15 children? In fact, there were 3 separate Chow families. M. Walsh, turned out to be Sister Mary Walsh and she could share a cabin with other nuns.
Compounding the problem was that the various diplomatic officials involved each required a copy of the passenger list. The men rounded up typists from the town, who worked frantically while the passengers wondered why they were forced to wait and wait.
As requested by our intrepid trio, Portuguese officials placed empty boxcars (HoM: vagões) on the railroad tracks that ran parallel to the dock, thus creating a visual barrier between the Americans and Japanese who would walk on either side of the cars as they passed from ship to ship. To ensure that American and Japanese would never meet, communicating passages on each ship were locked, creating two separate sections.
First to leave the Asama Maru was Ambassador Joseph P. Grew. First off the Gripsholm was Admiral Kichisaburo Nomura, who had been “negotiating peace” in Washington while Japanese bombers approached Pearl Harbor. One couple carried their week-old baby, born aboard the Asama Maru. The exchange of 3,000 passengers took only 4 hours, or one every 5 seconds. Aboard the Gripsholm a wonderful feast awaited the released Americans. Chief Steward Hodvedt, who had previously served with Captain Kuhne aboard the American Export Lines Excambion, had prepared a buffet of roast beef, ham, cheese, bread, potato salad, and even beer. Until the Statue of Liberty came into view 30 days later, all the meals served to the repatriates were fit for a king. MS Gripsholm made 12 round trips in this service carrying a total of 27,712 repatriates. Exchanges took place at neutral ports: at Lourenço Marques in Mozambique or Mormugoa (Mormugão) in Portuguese India with the Japanese, and Stockholm or Lisbon with the Germans".

NYK liners no cruiselinehistory: "One of Japan’s proudest periods in passenger shipping was the 1929 building of two of the finest and most luxurious ships ever to sail the Pacific Ocean – the Asama Maru and Tatsuta Maru. They were Japanese-designed and built, coming from the renowned Mitsubishi shipyard. At some 17,000 tons, they were then-traditional class-divided ships, and had provision for cargo as well as the all-important mails. They were routed on NYK Line’s premier express service, regularly sailing from Hong Kong, Shanghai, Kobe and Yokohama to Honolulu, Los Angeles and San Francisco. Their passenger areas were of the highest quality, much of it in traditional European style. There were polished woods, stained glass skylights, fine dining rooms, lounges, library, gift shop, hair salon, comfortable cabins and a swimming pool on deck. This was luxury cruising at its finest."

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